Can Animals Come Back To Life After Excreting

Consumption of feces

Coprophagia ()^[1] or coprophagy () is the consumption of feces. The discussion is derived from the Ancient Greek: κόπρος copros , "feces" and φαγεῖν phagein , "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating carrion of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken straight from the anus.^[2]

In humans, coprophagia has been described since the late 19th century in individuals with mental illnesses and in some sexual acts^[3], such as the do of rimming where sex partners insert their natural language into each other's anus and ingest biologically significant amounts of feces.^[4] Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior, in particular lagomorphs, which practise so to permit tough plant materials to exist digested more thoroughly by passing twice through the digestive tract. Other species may eat feces nether certain conditions.

Coprophagia by humans [edit]

As a supposed medical treatment [edit]

Ayurveda and Siddha medicine use various beast excreta in various forms. The dung and urine of the Zebu is peculiarly important in the list.

Centuries ago (mid 16th century) physicians tasted their patients' feces, to improve gauge their state and condition, co-ordinate to François Rabelais, who studied medicine but was also a author of satirical and grotesque fiction. Further information is needed to ostend the accurateness and context of statement.^[5]

Lewin reported, "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery; its efficacy (probably owing to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis) was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II".^[half-dozen]

Every bit a paraphilia [edit]

Coprophilia is a paraphilia (DSM-5), where the object of sexual involvement is feces, and may be associated with coprophagia. Coprophagia is sometimes depicted in pornography, usually under the term "scat" (from scatology).^[7] A notorious example of this is the pornographic shock video 2 Girls 1 Cup.^[8] The 120 Days of Sodom, a 1785 novel by Marquis de Sade, is full of detailed descriptions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia.^[ix] Austrian actor and pornographic director Simon Thaur [de] created the serial "Avantgarde Extreme" and "Portrait Extrem", which explores coprophagy, coprophilia, and urolagnia. GG Allin, an American shock rock singer-songwriter, often featured coprophagy in his performances.

Coprophagia has as well been observed in some people with schizophrenia^[10] and pica.^[xi]

In literature [edit]

François Rabelais, in his archetype Gargantua and Pantagruel, frequently employs the expression mâche-merde or mâchemerde , meaning "shit-chewer". This, in turn, comes from the Greek comedians Aristophanes and particularly Menander, who often use the term skatophagos ( σκατοφάγος ).^[12]

Thomas Pynchon'due south honor-winning 1973 novel Gravity'due south Rainbow contains a detailed scene of coprophagia.^[13]

Modern Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin'due south novel Norma describes a society where coprophagia is institutionalized and mandatory.

Coprophagia by nonhuman animals [edit]

Past invertebrates [edit]

Coprophagous insects eat and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semidigested nutrient, particularly in the case of herbivores, owing to the inefficiency of the big animals' digestive systems. Thousands of species of coprophagous insects are known, peculiarly amid the orders Diptera and Coleoptera. Examples of such flies are Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea, dung flies commonly found in Europe around cattle droppings. Amidst beetles, dung beetles are a diverse lineage, many of which feed on the microorganism-rich liquid component of mammals' dung, and lay their eggs in balls equanimous mainly of the remaining fibrous material.^[14]

Termites consume one some other'south feces as a ways of obtaining their hindgut protists. Termites and protists take a symbiotic relationship (due east.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites, a three-way symbiotic relationship exists; termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists.^[15]

By vertebrates [edit]

Domesticated and wild mammals are sometimes coprophagic, and in some species, this forms an essential role of their method of digesting tough constitute material.

Some dogs may lack critical digestive enzymes when they are simply eating processed dried foods, so they gain these from consuming fecal affair. They only consume fecal matter that is less than two days old which supports this theory.^[16]

Species within the Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas) produce two types of fecal pellets: hard ones, and soft ones called cecotropes. Animals in these species reingest their cecotropes, to extract further nutrients. Cecotropes derive from chewed plant textile that collects in the cecum, a chamber between the large and pocket-sized intestine, containing large quantities of symbiotic leaner that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. After excretion of the soft cecotrope, it is once more eaten whole by the animal and redigested in a special role of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for upwards to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within keep to assimilate the constitute carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables these animals to excerpt nutrients that they may take missed during the first passage through the gut, equally well as the nutrients formed past the microbial activity.^[17] This procedure serves the aforementioned purpose within these animals as rumination (cud-chewing) does in cattle and sheep.^[18]

Cattle in the U.s. are oft fed chicken litter. Concerns have arisen that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed os meal in craven feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates this exercise by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of cattle brain or spinal cord into livestock feed.^[xix] Other countries, such as Canada, accept banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed.^[20]

The young of elephants, behemothic pandas, koalas, and hippos consume the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd, to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found in their ecosystems.^[21] When such animals are built-in, their intestines are sterile and practise not contain these bacteria. Without doing this, they would be unable to obtain whatever nutritional value from plants. Piglets with admission to maternal carrion early in life exhibited better performance.^[22]

Hamsters, republic of guinea pigs, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and naked mole-rats eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and M, produced by gut bacteria.^[23] Sometimes, there is also the aspect of cocky-anointment while these creatures eat their droppings.^[24] On rare occasions gorillas accept been observed consuming their feces, possibly out of boredom, a want for warm food, or to reingest seeds contained in the feces.^[25]

Coprophagia past plants [edit]

Some carnivorous plants, such as bullpen plants of the genus Nepenthes, obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals.^{[26] [27]}

See likewise [edit]

• Coprophilous fungi
• Fecal bacteriotherapy
• Fecal–oral route, a road of disease transmission
• Gomutra
• Kopi luwak
• Panchagavya
• Squealer toilet
• Scathophagidae
• Scatophagidae

References [edit]

1. ^ "Coprophagia". Dictionary.com. September 2, 2012.
2. ^ Hirakawa, H (2001). "Coprophagy in leporids and other mammalian herbivores". Mammal Review. 31 (1): 61–eighty. doi:ten.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00079.x.
3. ^ Moore, Alison M. (2018). "Coprophagy in nineteenth-century psychiatry". Microbial Ecology in Health and Affliction. 29 (ii): 1535737. doi:10.1080/16512235.2018.1535737. PMC6225515. PMID 30425610.
4. ^ Malbon, Abigail (2021-02-12). "What is rimming? How to give a rim task safely". Netdoctor . Retrieved 2022-06-21 .
5. ^ notes to The Works of Francis Rabelais, Volume Two, Book 2, p. 56
6. ^ Lewin, Ralph A. (2001). "More on merde". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 44 (4): 594–607. doi:10.1353/pbm.2001.0067. PMID 11600805. S2CID 201764383.
7. ^ Holmes, Ronald M. (2001-11-05). Sexual activity Crimes: Patterns and Behavior. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 244. ISBN0-7619-2417-5. OCLC 47893709.
8. ^ "2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Real Poop". The Smoking Gun. Nov 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January ii, 2010. Retrieved December seven, 2007.
9. ^ le Marquis de Sade (1785) Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou L'École du Libertinage
10. ^ Harada KI, Yamamoto K, Saito T (2006). "Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone". Pharmacopsychiatry. 39 (iii): 113. doi:10.1055/s-2006-941487. PMID 16721701.
11. ^ Rose, E.A.; Porcerelli, J.H. & Neale, A.V. (2000). "Pica: Common only commonly missed". The Periodical of the American Board of Family Practice. thirteen (5): 353–358. PMID 11001006.
12. ^ Rabelais, Volume 1, ch. 40 and Book 3 chap. 25
13. ^ Thomas Pynchon (1973) Gravity's Rainbow, Role ii, episode four.
14. ^ Nichols, E.; Spector, South.; Louzada, J.; Larsen, T.; Amezquita, S.; Favila, G.Due east. (2008). "Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeine dung beetles". Biological Conservation. 141 (6): 1461–1474. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011.
15. ^ Noda, South.; Kitade, O.; Inoue, T.; Kawai, 1000.; Kanuka, Thousand.; Hiroshima, K.; Hongoh, Y.; Constantino, R.; Uys, V.; Zhong, J.; Kudo, T.; Ohkuma, M. (March 2007). "Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts". Molecular Ecology. xvi (6): 1257–1266. doi:x.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03219.x. PMID 17391411. S2CID 21264858.
16. ^ Brogan, Jacob (4 November 2016). "Anybody Poops. Some Animals Eat It. Why?". Smithsonian . Retrieved 10 November 2016.
17. ^ "rabbit". Encyclopædia Britannica (Standard ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007.
18. ^ The Private Life of the Rabbit, R. M. Lockley, 1964. Chapter x.
19. ^ FDA Urged to Ban Feeding Chicken Litter to Cattle, 2009-11-02, Fifty.A. Times
20. ^ "Feeding of Poultry Manure to Cattle Prohibited". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2012-02-10.
21. ^ "BBC Nature — Dung eater videos, news and facts". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-xi-27 .
22. ^ Aviles-Rosa, Edgar O.; Rakhshandeh, Anoosh; McGlone, John J. (May 2019). "Preliminary Study: Depriving Piglets of Maternal Feces for the First Seven Days Mail-Partum Changes Piglet Physiology and Performance before and after Weaning". Animals. ix (five): 268. doi:10.3390/ani9050268. PMC6562806. PMID 31126021.
23. ^ "Journal The Cornell Veterinarian". Retrieved 2019-09-29 .
24. ^ Pareek, Rahul C. (ten July 2020). "Why do HedgeHogs Eat Poop? We Explain!". Small Pet Site . Retrieved 2020-08-fourteen .
25. ^ "Nutritional Aspects of the Diet of Wild Gorillas" (PDF) . Retrieved 2013-06-29 .
26. ^ "BBC - Earth News - Behemothic meat-eating plants prefer to swallow tree shrew poo". 2010-03-10.
27. ^ "How Hungry Pitcher Plants Get the Poop They Need". Live Science. 9 July 2015.

External links [edit]

• Why Does My Dog Eat Feces? - Theresa A. Fuess, Ph.D., College of Vet Medicine

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophagia

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